SQLite format 3@ %hg ƒƒžd{%%9tableNobel_PrizesNobel_PrizesCREATE TABLE "Nobel_Prizes" ("Year" Integer, "Area" TEXT, "Name" TEXT, "Description" )aÈkûöñìçâÝØÓÎÉÄ¿º´®¨¢œ–Š„~xrlf`ZTNHB<60*$ úôîèâÜÖÐÊľ¸²¬¦ š”Žˆ‚|vpjd^XRLF@:4.(" þøòìæàÚÔÎÈces he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him- mpeaceFrédéric Passy% mpeaceHenry Dunant‚-ƒmmmedicineEmil von Behringfor his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtl†Gm†Bn†:o†2p†+q†#r†s†t† u…~v…uw…mx…fy…]z…Q{…I|…A}…;~…3…,€…&…‚…ƒ…„………†„|‡„uˆ„m‰„bŠ„Z‹„TŒ„L„DŽ„:„1„)‘„#’„“„”„ •„–ƒ}—ƒv˜ƒm™ƒbšƒ\›ƒTœƒJƒBžƒ;Ÿƒ4 ƒ,¡ƒ&¢ƒ£ƒ¤ƒ¥ƒ¦‚}§‚q¨‚h©‚]ª‚U«‚K¬‚C­‚;®‚2¯‚*°‚ ±‚²‚³‚´|µh¶_·S¸I¹>º2»'¼½¾ ¿}ÀtÁhÂXÃMÄFÅ>Æ8Ç-È&ÉÊË ifjg  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdef |Fq^D&|';‚mphysicsWilhelm Conrad Röntgenin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him-mpeaceFrédéric Passy%mpeaceHenry Dunant‚-ƒmmmedicineEmil von Behringfor his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deathsR!+‚omliteratureSully Prudhommein special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect79‚-mchemistryJacobus H. van 't Hoffin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions Ø ØE†I#e×physicsAlbert Fertfor the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\†HC‚u×peaceAlbert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change †X¹{†q†Gm‚u×peaceIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change†F+‚×medicineOliver Smithiesfor their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells†E3‚×medicineSir Martin J. Evansfor their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells†D/‚×medicineMario R. Capecchifor their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells$†C!'‚×literatureDoris Lessingthat epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny sr“Ŧ‰-Ñs[†B-×economicsRoger B. Myersonfor having laid the foundations of mechanism design theoryY†A)×economicsEric S. Maskinfor having laid the foundations of mechanism design theoryY†@)×economicsLeonid Hurwiczfor having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory†?%ÕphysicsJohn L. Hall†>)ÕphysicsRoy J. GlauberJ†=/‚eÕpeaceMohamed ElBaradeifor their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way[†<Q‚eÕpeaceInternational Atomic Energy Agencyfor their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way †;+cÕmedicineJ. Robin Warrenfor their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease <’1Ìeã]Ì< †:/cÕmedicineBarry J. Marshallfor their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease †9!'iÕliteratureHarold Pinterwho in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms†83IÕeconomicsThomas C. Schellingfor having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis†7-IÕeconomicsRobert J. Aumannfor having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysisd†61ÕchemistryRichard R. Schrockfor the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesisb†5-ÕchemistryRobert H. Grubbsfor the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis^†4%ÕchemistryYves Chauvinfor the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesisk†3'+ÔphysicsFrank Wilczekfor the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction FQwŠ'¸Fo†2/+ÔphysicsH. David Politzerfor the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactionl†1)+ÔphysicsDavid J. Grossfor the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction`†0+ÔpeaceWangari Maathaifor her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peacet†/';ÔmedicineLinda B. Buckfor their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory systems†.%;ÔmedicineRichard Axelfor their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory systemV†-!-‚uÔliteratureElfriede Jelinekfor her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power+†,1‚ÔeconomicsEdward C. Prescottfor their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles Ncñ€¯SúN(†++‚ÔeconomicsFinn E. Kydlandfor their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cyclesV†*!ÔchemistryIrwin Rosefor the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradationY†)'ÔchemistryAvram Hershkofor the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation]†(/ÔchemistryAaron Ciechanoverfor the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradationn†'1'ÓphysicsAnthony J. Leggettfor pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluidsn†&1'ÓphysicsVitaly L. Ginzburgfor pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluidso†%3'ÓphysicsAlexei A. Abrikosovfor pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids†$%‚ ÓpeaceShirin Ebadifor her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children. ©4ðÎ|"ü×i ©^†#3ÓmedicineSir Peter Mansfieldfor their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\†"/ÓmedicinePaul C. Lauterburfor their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imagingk†!!%'ÓliteratureJ.M. Coetzeewho in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"† 1ÓeconomicsClive W.J. Granger#†3ÓeconomicsRobert F. Engle IIIW†1wÓchemistryRoderick MacKinnonfor discoveries concerning channels in cell membranesO†!wÓchemistryPeter Agrefor discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes†/ÒphysicsMasatoshi Koshiba†/ÒphysicsRiccardo Giacconi†/ÒphysicsRaymond Davis Jr.H†%‚kÒpeaceJimmy Carterfor his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development …yñÏ­• …†+UÒmedicineJohn E. Sulstonfor their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'†/UÒmedicineH. Robert Horvitzfor their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'†)UÒmedicineSydney Brennerfor their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'†!'kÒliteratureImre Kertészfor writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history†+ÒeconomicsVernon L. Smith†+ÒeconomicsDaniel Kahneman†)WÒchemistryKurt Wüthrichfor the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules†'WÒchemistryKoichi Tanakafor the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules =§Lõ:}Ã=†%WÒchemistryJohn B. Fennfor the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules6†)‚?ÑphysicsCarl E. Wiemanfor the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates9†/‚?ÑphysicsWolfgang Ketterlefor the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates7† +‚?ÑphysicsEric A. Cornellfor the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensatesT† !ÑpeaceKofi Annanfor their work for a better organized and more peaceful worldX† )ÑpeaceUnited Nationsfor their work for a better organized and more peaceful worldV† )ÑmedicineSir Paul Nursefor their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle t§L'ã†)Ë$ÇtP† ÑmedicineTim Huntfor their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycleZ†1ÑmedicineLeland H. Hartwellfor their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle#†!%‚ÑliteratureV.S. Naipaulfor having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories[†1ÑeconomicsJoseph E. Stiglitzfor their analyses of markets with asymmetric informationZ†/ÑeconomicsA. Michael Spencefor their analyses of markets with asymmetric informationZ†/ÑeconomicsGeorge A. Akerloffor their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"†1ÑchemistryK. Barry Sharpless†%ÑchemistryRyoji Noyori"†1ÑchemistryWilliam S. KnowlesX†+ÐphysicsHerbert Kroemerfor basic work on information and communication technologyV…'ÐphysicsJack S. Kilbyfor basic work on information and communication technology `¥‚]²GÜq½`Z…~/ÐphysicsZhores I. Alferovfor basic work on information and communication technology0…}%‚;ÐpeaceKim Dae-jungfor his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particularh…|)!ÐmedicineEric R. Kandelfor their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous systemh…{)!ÐmedicinePaul Greengardfor their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous systemh…z)!ÐmedicineArvid Carlssonfor their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system'…y!%‚ÐliteratureGao Xingjianfor an Å“uvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"…x1ÐeconomicsDaniel L. McFadden …w-ÐeconomicsJames J. HeckmanX…v-}ÐchemistryHideki Shirakawafor the discovery and development of conductive polymers O[öeäu¬OZ…u1}ÐchemistryAlan G. MacDiarmidfor the discovery and development of conductive polymersS…t#}ÐchemistryAlan Heegerfor the discovery and development of conductive polymersp…s7%ÏphysicsMartinus J.G. Veltmanfor elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physicsl…r/%ÏphysicsGerardus 't Hooftfor elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics~…qA;ÏpeaceMédecins Sans Frontièresin recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents …p)kÏmedicineGünter Blobelfor the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cellb…o!'ÏliteratureGünter Grasswhose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history!…n/‚ ÏeconomicsRobert A. Mundellfor his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas »§+°8»z…m%GÏchemistryAhmed Zewailfor his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopyu…l)=ÎphysicsDaniel C. Tsuifor their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitationsx…k/=ÎphysicsHorst L. Störmerfor their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitationsy…j1=ÎphysicsRobert B. Laughlinfor their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitationsk…i'/ÎpeaceDavid Trimblefor their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Irelandg…h/ÎpeaceJohn Humefor their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland~…g#SÎmedicineFerid Muradfor their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system —¢8ѳ–N¨—…f-SÎmedicineLouis J. Ignarrofor their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system…e3SÎmedicineRobert F. Furchgottfor their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"…d!)‚ÎliteratureJosé Saramagowho with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory realityE…c#aÎeconomicsAmartya Senfor his contributions to welfare economics…b!ÎchemistryJohn Pople…a#ÎchemistryWalter Kohnd…`3ÍphysicsWilliam D. Phillipsfor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser lightg…_9ÍphysicsClaude Cohen-Tannoudjifor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light[…^!ÍphysicsSteven Chufor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light &³_ êË&rŒ!§G…W)ÍchemistryJohn E. Walker]…]'ÍpeaceJody Williamsfor their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel minesw…\[ÍpeaceInternational Campaign to Ban Landminesfor their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel minesh…[3ÍmedicineStanley B. Prusinerfor his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection …Z!kÍliteratureDario Fowho emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtroddenV…Y-yÍeconomicsMyron S. Scholesfor a new method to determine the value of derivativesV…X-yÍeconomicsRobert C. Mertonfor a new method to determine the value of derivatives…V%ÍchemistryJens C. Skou…U'ÍchemistryPaul D. BoyerR…T5mÌphysicsRobert C. Richardsonfor their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3Q…S3mÌphysicsDouglas D. Osherofffor their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3J…R%mÌphysicsDavid M. Leefor their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 º/¦ý† ‘o…Q//ÌpeaceJosé Ramos-Hortafor their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timorx…PA/ÌpeaceCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belofor their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timorw…O35ÌmedicineRolf M. Zinkernagelfor their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defencet…N-5ÌmedicinePeter C. Dohertyfor their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence%…M!1‚ÌliteratureWislawa Szymborskafor poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality…L+WÌeconomicsWilliam Vickreyfor their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information…K/WÌeconomicsJames A. Mirrleesfor their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric informationC…J1OÌchemistryRichard E. Smalleyfor their discovery of fullerenes Y~@›@ãYA…I-OÌchemistrySir Harold Krotofor their discovery of fullerenesC…H1OÌchemistryRobert F. Curl Jr.for their discovery of fullerenesZ…G-ËphysicsFrederick Reinesfor pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physicsX…F)ËphysicsMartin L. Perlfor pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics!…E)‚ËpeaceJoseph Rotblatfor their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such armsC…Dm‚ËpeacePugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairsfor their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such armst…C/3ËmedicineEric F. Wieschausfor their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development…BE3ËmedicineChristiane Nüsslein-Volhardfor their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development …sæU|ú…r…A+3ËmedicineEdward B. Lewisfor their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development…@!'MËliteratureSeamus Heaneyfor works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living pastU…?3‚oËeconomicsRobert E. Lucas Jr.for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy …>3_ËchemistryF. Sherwood Rowlandfor their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone …=+_ËchemistryMario J. Molinafor their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone …<+_ËchemistryPaul J. Crutzenfor their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone 2RÎMý®^Æ2…;/mÊphysicsClifford G. Shullfor pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter…:7mÊphysicsBertram N. Brockhousefor pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matterM…9'uÊpeaceYitzhak Rabinfor their efforts to create peace in the Middle EastL…8%uÊpeaceShimon Peresfor their efforts to create peace in the Middle EastM…7'uÊpeaceYasser Arafatfor their efforts to create peace in the Middle East~…6)MÊmedicineMartin Rodbellfor their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells…5-MÊmedicineAlfred G. Gilmanfor their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells*…4!%‚%ÊliteratureKenzaburo Oewho with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today s\Á"Ô^èsr…3+1ÊeconomicsReinhard Seltenfor their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative gamess…2-1ÊeconomicsJohn F. Nash Jr.for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative gamess…1-1ÊeconomicsJohn C. Harsanyifor their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative gamesK…0)gÊchemistryGeorge A. Olahfor his contribution to carbocation chemistry…/5}ÉphysicsJoseph H. Taylor Jr.for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation….-}ÉphysicsRussell A. Hulsefor the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation …-)‚ÉpeaceNelson Mandelafor their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa ·B‚è Z·…,'‚ÉpeaceF.W. de Klerkfor their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South AfricaC…+-UÉmedicinePhillip A. Sharpfor their discoveries of split genesE…*1UÉmedicineRichard J. Robertsfor their discoveries of split genes…)!'{ÉliteratureToni Morrisonwho in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality<…(/‚AÉeconomicsDouglass C. Northfor having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change:…'+‚AÉeconomicsRobert W. Fogelfor having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change CiÜR§¯Ci…&'#ÉchemistryMichael Smithfor contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistryj…%)#ÉchemistryKary B. Mullisfor contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry…$+_ÈphysicsGeorges Charpakfor his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber'…#7‚ÈpeaceRigoberta Menchú Tumin recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples…")]ÈmedicineEdwin G. Krebsfor their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism …!/]ÈmedicineEdmond H. Fischerfor their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism… !'uÈliteratureDerek Walcottfor a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment ,gü5TÙ,)…)‚!ÈeconomicsGary S. Beckerfor having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviourx…/9ÈchemistryRudolph A. Marcusfor his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems]…;‚{ÇphysicsPierre-Gilles de Gennesfor discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymersX…-ÇpeaceAung San Suu Kyifor her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rightsi…%'ÇmedicineBert Sakmannfor their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cellsh…#'ÇmedicineErwin Neherfor their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells…!+uÇliteratureNadine Gordimerwho through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity § j§?…+‚KÇeconomicsRonald H. Coasefor his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy…-‚ÇchemistryRichard R. Ernstfor his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyw…/ƒ;ÆphysicsRichard E. Taylorfor their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physicsv…-ƒ;ÆphysicsHenry W. Kendallfor their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics ÙtïiÕÙx…1ƒ;ÆphysicsJerome I. Friedmanfor their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics…/qÆpeaceMikhail Gorbachevfor his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community…/OÆmedicineE. Donnall Thomasfor their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease…-OÆmedicineJoseph E. Murrayfor their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease…!#cÆliteratureOctavio Pazfor impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity ‡gœzZ<°Lê‡`…/ ÆeconomicsWilliam F. Sharpefor their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics_…- ÆeconomicsMerton H. Millerfor their pioneering work in the theory of financial economicsa… 1 ÆeconomicsHarry M. Markowitzfor their pioneering work in the theory of financial economicsh… /ÆchemistryElias James Coreyfor his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis… -ÅphysicsNorman F. Ramsey… 'ÅphysicsWolfgang Paul… +ÅphysicsHans G. Dehmelt…3ÅpeaceThe 14th Dalai Lamab…-ÅmedicineHarold E. Varmusfor their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenesc…/ÅmedicineJ. Michael Bishopfor their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes…!/qÅliteratureCamilo José Celafor a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability )š)òK£QþZ.„~QÄpeaceUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forces …+‚ ÅeconomicsTrygve Haavelmofor his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structuresP…)qÅchemistryThomas R. Cechfor their discovery of catalytic properties of RNAO…'qÅchemistrySidney Altmanfor their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA$…-‚ÄphysicsJack Steinbergerfor the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino#…+‚ÄphysicsMelvin Schwartzfor the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino$„-‚ÄphysicsLeon M. Ledermanfor the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrinoc„}3 ÄmedicineGeorge H. Hitchingsfor their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment w~„@Ûwa„|/ ÄmedicineGertrude B. Elionfor their discoveries of important principles for drug treatmentb„{1 ÄmedicineSir James W. Blackfor their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment>„z!)‚IÄliteratureNaguib Mahfouzwho, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind„y)MÄeconomicsMaurice Allaisfor his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources{„x)EÄchemistryHartmut Michelfor the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centrey„w%EÄchemistryRobert Huberfor the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre„v1EÄchemistryJohann Deisenhoferfor the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre yî–®—z„u+EÃphysicsK. Alex Müllerfor their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials{„t-EÃphysicsJ. Georg Bednorzfor their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials„s5uÃpeaceOscar Arias Sánchezfor his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this yearn„r++ÃmedicineSusumu Tonegawafor his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversityt„q!)5ÃliteratureJoseph Brodskyfor an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensityU„p+yÃeconomicsRobert M. Solowfor his contributions to the theory of economic growth„o3SÃchemistryCharles J. Pedersenfor their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity„n+SÃchemistryJean-Marie Lehnfor their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity t‘|ÿ¹lR6út„m)SÃchemistryDonald J. Cramfor their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity„l#ÂphysicsErnst Ruska„k+ÂphysicsHeinrich Rohrer„j#ÂphysicsGerd Binnig„i#ÂpeaceElie WieselJ„h5[ÂmedicineRita Levi-Montalcinifor their discoveries of growth factorsC„g'[ÂmedicineStanley Cohenfor their discoveries of growth factorsz„f!%EÂliteratureWole Soyinkawho in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence„e7}ÂeconomicsJames M. Buchanan Jr.for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-makingp„d+-ÂchemistryJohn C. Polanyifor their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processesl„c#-ÂchemistryYuan T. Leefor their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes ll Zî5älu„b5-ÂchemistryDudley R. Herschbachfor their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processesN„a1iÁphysicsKlaus von Klitzingfor the discovery of the quantized Hall effectG„`ÁpeaceInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear Warl„_3ÁmedicineJoseph L. Goldsteinfor their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolismi„^-ÁmedicineMichael S. Brownfor their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism+„]!%‚'ÁliteratureClaude Simonwho in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition`„\/ ÁeconomicsFranco Modiglianifor his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets„[%sÁchemistryJerome Karlefor their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures Q6qV¤ìQ„Z3sÁchemistryHerbert A. Hauptmanfor their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures4„Y1‚3ÀphysicsSimon van der Meerfor their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.„X%‚3ÀphysicsCarlo Rubbiafor their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction„W%ÀpeaceDesmond TutuA„V+‚QÀmedicineCésar Milsteinfor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodiesF„U5‚QÀmedicineGeorges J.F. Köhlerfor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies “°–lJÛW“@„T)‚QÀmedicineNiels K. Jernefor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies=„S!-‚CÀliteratureJaroslav Seifertfor his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man?„R'‚OÀeconomicsRichard Stonefor having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysisl„Q-#ÀchemistryBruce Merrifieldfor his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix„P/¿physicsWilliam A. Fowler'„O?¿physicsSubramanyan Chandrasekhar„N#¿peaceLech WalesaM„M1e¿medicineBarbara McClintockfor her discovery of mobile genetic elements h€âÈ[à3hG„L!+‚Y¿literatureWilliam Goldingfor his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today)„K'‚#¿economicsGerard Debreufor having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibriumx„J#E¿chemistryHenry Taubefor his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexesj„I/!¾physicsKenneth G. Wilsonfor his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions„H#¾peaceAlva Myrdal"„G9¾peaceAlfonso García Roblesv„F%A¾medicineJohn R. Vanefor their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances}„E3A¾medicineBengt I. Samuelssonfor their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances bß¼b—tT¢,­H„=½peaceOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|„D1A¾medicineSune K. Bergströmfor their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substancesX„C!=‚i¾literatureGabriel García Márquezfor his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts„B/u¾economicsGeorge J. Stiglerfor his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation.„A!‚3¾chemistryAaron Klugfor his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes„@+½physicsKai M. Siegbahn „?1½physicsArthur L. Schawlow"„>5½physicsNicolaas Bloembergen „</½medicineTorsten N. Wiesel„;+½medicineRoger W. Sperry 'a<»=ÄJµG'„:)½medicineDavid H. Hubelk„9!'%½literatureElias Canettifor writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power„8#w½economicsJames Tobinfor his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and pricesw„7)=½chemistryRoald Hoffmannfor their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactionsv„6'=½chemistryKenichi Fukuifor their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions{„5S¼physicsVal Fitchfor the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons~„4%S¼physicsJames Croninfor the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"„39¼peaceAdolfo Pérez Esquivel„2+‚¼medicineGeorge D. Snellfor their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions _% èÅ&›û_„1%‚¼medicineJean Daussetfor their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions„0-‚¼medicineBaruj Benacerraffor their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions„/!)[¼literatureCzeslaw Miloszwho with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts„./¼economicsLawrence R. Kleinfor the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies „--¼chemistryFrederick Sanger„,)¼chemistryWalter Gilbert„+¼chemistryPaul BergW„*+‚»physicsSteven Weinbergfor their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current ¨%ÐvZ¨S„)#‚»physicsAbdus Salamfor their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral currentW„(+‚»physicsSheldon Glashowfor their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current„''»peaceMother TeresaW„&7s»medicineGodfrey N. Hounsfieldfor the development of computer assisted tomographyR„%-s»medicineAllan M. Cormackfor the development of computer assisted tomographyW„$!+‚y»literatureOdysseus Elytisfor his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness ²ãƨ‹e¶ `²*„#3‚»economicsTheodore W. Schultzfor their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries'„"-‚»economicsSir Arthur Lewisfor their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries'„!%‚!»chemistryGeorg Wittigfor their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis+„ -‚!»chemistryHerbert C. Brownfor their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis#„7ºphysicsRobert Woodrow Wilson„%ºphysicsArno Penzias„'ºphysicsPyotr Kapitsa„)ºpeaceMenachem Begin„)ºpeaceAnwar al-Sadat mÐR£$£„/MºmedicineHamilton O. Smithfor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics~„)MºmedicineDaniel Nathansfor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics|„%MºmedicineWerner Arberfor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics+„!7‚ºliteratureIsaac Bashevis Singerfor his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life{„-AºeconomicsHerbert A. Simonfor his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations„)‚ºchemistryPeter Mitchellfor his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory„/k¹physicsJohn H. van Vleckfor their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems @qäïΫŒhÔ@„1k¹physicsSir Nevill F. Mottfor their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems„1k¹physicsPhilip W. Andersonfor their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems!„7¹peaceAmnesty International„'¹medicineRosalyn Yalow „/¹medicineAndrew V. Schally„+¹medicineRoger Guilleminq„ !1ƒ'¹literatureVicente Aleixandrefor a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry beween the wars „ %e¹economicsBertil Ohlinfor their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements „ )e¹economicsJames E. Meadefor their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements ¥zí^?"«2¥ „ )a¹chemistryIlya Prigoginefor his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structuresv„ -;¸physicsSamuel C.C. Tingfor their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kindt„);¸physicsBurton Richterfor their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind„)¸peaceBetty Williams„-¸peaceMairead Corrigan „5[¸medicineD. Carleton Gajdusekfor their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases „1[¸medicineBaruch S. Blumbergfor their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases„!#W¸literatureSaul Bellowfor the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work 6P×;„+‚C¸economicsMilton Friedmanfor his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policyv„-7¸chemistryWilliam Lipscombfor his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bondingb„+ƒ·physicsJames Rainwaterfor the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connectioncƒ-ƒ·physicsBen R. Mottelsonfor the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection_ƒ~%ƒ·physicsAage N. Bohrfor the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection …ZË<­ƒ}+·peaceAndrei Sakharov ƒ|+e·medicineHoward M. Teminfor their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell ƒ{+e·medicineRenato Dulbeccofor their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell ƒz+e·medicineDavid Baltimorefor their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell7ƒy!+‚9·literatureEugenio Montalefor his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusionsmƒx5·economicsTjalling C. Koopmansfor their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resourcesxƒwK·economicsLeonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovichfor their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources @‰”w]oƒb@ƒv+·chemistryVladimir Prelogƒu)·chemistryJohn Cornforthhƒt#ƒ)¶physicsMartin Rylefor their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsarsjƒs'ƒ)¶physicsAntony Hewishfor their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsarsƒr#¶peaceEisaku Satoƒq)¶peaceSeán MacBridewƒp-;¶medicineGeorge E. Paladefor their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cellxƒo/;¶medicineChristian de Duvefor their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the celltƒn';¶medicineAlbert Claudefor their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell Ot[=#ãMw”rO ƒm!+¶literatureHarry Martinsonƒl!)¶literatureEyvind Johnson_ƒkA‚u¶economicsFriedrich August von Hayekfor their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomenaRƒj'‚u¶economicsGunnar Myrdalfor their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomenaƒi'u¶chemistryPaul J. Floryfor his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules ƒh1µphysicsBrian D. Josephsonƒg%µphysicsIvar GiaeverƒfµphysicsLeo Esakiƒe+µpeaceHenry Kissingerƒd!µpeaceLe Duc Thoƒc+_µmedicineKarl von Frischfor their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns aÂ8¶, ƒb1_µmedicineNikolaas Tinbergenfor their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patternsƒa'_µmedicineKonrad Lorenzfor their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patternsƒ`!'MµliteraturePatrick Whitefor an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literatureƒ_-WµeconomicsWassily Leontieffor the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problemsƒ^1}µchemistryGeoffrey Wilkinsonfor their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compoundsƒ]1}µchemistryErnst Otto Fischerfor their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds \ƒ³Jâ¿KÕ\vƒ\/9´physicsRobert Schriefferfor their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theorysƒ[)9´physicsLeon N. Cooperfor their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theoryqƒZ%9´physicsJohn Bardeenfor their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory ƒY5´peaceNo Prize was AwardedeƒX-´medicineRodney R. Porterfor their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodiesfƒW/´medicineGerald M. Edelmanfor their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodiesLƒV!)‚e´literatureHeinrich Böllfor his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literaturezƒU'E´economicsJohn R. Hicksfor their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory Ggœ¤‰0 êÇG}ƒT-E´economicsKenneth J. Arrowfor their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory ƒS-´chemistryWilliam H. SteinƒR)´chemistryStanford Moore"ƒQ1´chemistryChristian AnfinsenVƒP%³physicsDennis Gaborfor his invention and development of the holographic methodƒO%³peaceWilly BrandtnƒN;³medicineEarl W. Sutherland, Jr.for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormonesƒM!%W³literaturePablo Nerudafor a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreamsGƒL'‚_³economicsSimon Kuznetsfor his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of developmentƒK-u³chemistryGerhard Herzbergfor his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals =3¦öD•xY=ƒJ#²physicsLouis NéelƒI)²physicsHannes AlfvénƒH)²peaceNorman Borlaug+ƒG'‚)²medicineUlf von Eulerfor their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.ƒF-‚)²medicineSir Bernard Katzfor their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation,ƒE)‚)²medicineJulius Axelrodfor their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation ƒD!7Q²literatureAlexandr Solzhenitsynfor the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literatureIƒC/‚[²economicsPaul A. Samuelsonfor the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science  eæbÞ® vƒB#A²chemistryLuis Leloirfor his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydratesƒA-q±physicsMurray Gell-Mannfor his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions-ƒ@O±peaceInternational Labour Organizationƒ?/K±medicineSalvador E. Luriafor their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of virusesƒ>/K±medicineAlfred D. Hersheyfor their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses|ƒ='K±medicineMax Delbrückfor their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of virusesƒ<!){±literatureSamuel Beckettfor his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation _†kaÖMÖ_tƒ;'9±economicsJan Tinbergenfor having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processestƒ:'9±economicsRagnar Frischfor having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processesƒ9!a±chemistryOdd Hasselfor their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistryƒ8%a±chemistryDerek Bartonfor their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry‚ƒ7%ƒc°physicsLuis Alvarezfor his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysisƒ6%°peaceRené Cassinwƒ571°medicineMarshall W. Nirenbergfor their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis wö[´+¶@ ƒ/5¯peaceNo Prize was Awardedsƒ4/1°medicineH. Gobind Khoranafor their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesisrƒ3-1°medicineRobert W. Holleyfor their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesisƒ2!/Q°literatureYasunari Kawabatafor his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind#ƒ1%‚°chemistryLars Onsagerfor the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processesƒ0!‚ ¯physicsHans Bethefor his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars~ƒ.#S¯medicineGeorge Waldfor their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eyeƒ-1S¯medicineHaldan K. Hartlinefor their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye `‚Û.‡ä`ƒ,'S¯medicineRagnar Granitfor their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eyeƒ+!7}¯literatureMiguel Angel Asturiasfor his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America#ƒ*'‚¯chemistryGeorge Porterfor their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy)ƒ)3‚¯chemistryRonald G.W. Norrishfor their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy#ƒ('‚¯chemistryManfred Eigenfor their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy{ƒ')I®physicsAlfred Kastlerfor the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms 5’eÁ{ظ™uX5 ƒ&5®peaceNo Prize was Awardedƒ%#®medicinePeyton Rous!ƒ$1®medicineCharles B. Hugginsƒ#!#®literatureNelly Sachsƒ"!%®literatureSamuel Agnonƒ!1‚®chemistryRobert S. Mullikenfor his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method ƒ 1‚ ­physicsSin-Itiro Tomonagafor their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particlesƒ-‚ ­physicsJulian Schwingerfor their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles ƒ1‚ ­physicsRichard P. Feynmanfor their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles*ƒI­peaceUnited Nations Children's Fundkƒ')­medicineJacques Monodfor their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis {;{Xè{jƒ%)­medicineAndré Lwofffor their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesismƒ+)­medicineFrançois Jacobfor their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis9ƒ!/‚9­literatureMikhail Sholokhovfor the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian peoplecƒ1 ­chemistryRobert B. Woodwardfor his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis<ƒ/‚E¬physicsCharles H. Townesfor fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principleAƒ9‚E¬physicsAleksandr M. Prokhorovfor fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle «âUŸ‹j«;ƒ-‚E¬physicsNicolay G. Basovfor fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principleƒ1¬peaceMartin Luther Kingƒ%a¬medicineFeodor Lynenfor their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolismƒ%a¬medicineKonrad Blochfor their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism2ƒ!-‚-¬literatureJean-Paul Sartrefor his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age ƒ=M¬chemistryDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkinfor her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substancesƒ'«physicsEugene Wigner ! LŒË”hC!ƒ/«physicsJ. Hans D. Jensen"ƒ 5«physicsMaria Goeppert-Mayer)ƒ G«peaceLeague of Red Cross Societies4ƒ ]«peaceInternational Committee of the Red Cross=ƒ -‚G«medicineAndrew F. Huxleyfor their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane<ƒ +‚G«medicineAlan L. Hodgkinfor their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane<ƒ+‚G«medicineSir John Ecclesfor their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane~ƒ!+G«literatureGiorgos Seferisfor his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culturepƒ%3«chemistryKarl Zieglerfor their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers ¨kÁ®;ƒ'ªpeaceLinus Paulingpƒ%3«chemistryGiulio Nattafor their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymerscƒ!!ªphysicsLev Landaufor his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium)ƒ+‚!ªmedicineMaurice Wilkinsfor their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material&ƒ%‚!ªmedicineJames Watsonfor their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material'ƒ'‚!ªmedicineFrancis Crickfor their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material‚!)iªliteratureJohn Steinbeckfor his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perceptionU‚~'}ªchemistryMax F. Perutzfor their studies of the structures of globular proteins $[ý­‘IëVâ $F‚|/©physicsRudolf MössbauerW‚}+}ªchemistryJohn C. Kendrewfor their studies of the structures of globular proteins‚{/©physicsRobert Hofstadter‚z/©peaceDag Hammarskjöldq‚y1+©medicineGeorg von Békésyfor his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea‚x!!w©literatureIvo Andricfor the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country[‚w'©chemistryMelvin Calvinfor his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plantsE‚v-[¨physicsDonald A. Glaserfor the invention of the bubble chamber‚u'¨peaceAlbert LutuliM‚t'o¨medicinePeter Medawarfor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance[‚sCo¨medicineSir Frank Macfarlane Burnetfor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance!‚r!-‚ ¨literatureSaint-John Persefor the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time 8¢2Ÿ ~88õX‚n/§peacePhilip Noel-Baker‚q-}¨chemistryWillard F. Libbyfor his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science@‚p'W§physicsEmilio Segrèfor their discovery of the antiprotonC‚o-W§physicsOwen Chamberlainfor their discovery of the antiproton ‚m%k§medicineSevero Ochoafor their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid‚l+k§medicineArthur Kornbergfor their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid‚k!3a§literatureSalvatore Quasimodofor his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own timesm‚j1!§chemistryJaroslav Heyrovskyfor his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis[‚i% ¦physicsIgor Y. Tammfor the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect DÜ2‡ƒdB$ ¥D^‚h+ ¦physicsIl´ja M. Frankfor the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effecta‚g1 ¦physicsPavel A. Cherenkovfor the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect‚f%¦peaceGeorges Pire‚e%¦medicineEdward Tatum‚d-¦medicineJoshua Lederberg‚c'¦medicineGeorge Beadle‚b!+y¦literatureBoris Pasternakfor his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic traditionf‚a-¦chemistryFrederick Sangerfor his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin'‚`)‚!¥physicsChen Ning Yangfor their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles&‚_'‚!¥physicsTsung-Dao Leefor their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles!‚^7¥peaceLester Bowles Pearson ný†½? ‚W5¤peaceNo Prize was AwardedO‚]%‚s¥medicineDaniel Bovetfor his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles'‚\!%‚¥literatureAlbert Camusfor his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our timesN‚[w¥chemistryLord Toddfor his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymesu‚Z33¤physicsWilliam B. Shockleyfor their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effectt‚Y13¤physicsWalter H. Brattainfor their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effectn‚X%3¤physicsJohn Bardeenfor their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect‚V7_¤medicineDickinson W. Richardsfor their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system CŽúÛ¼Vö_ÐC ‚U-_¤medicineWerner Forssmannfor their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system ‚T1_¤medicineAndré F. Cournandfor their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system‚S!5g¤literatureJuan Ramón Jiménezfor his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity]‚R+¤chemistryNikolay Semenovfor their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactionsc‚Q7¤chemistrySir Cyril Hinshelwoodfor their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions‚P)£physicsWillis E. Lamb‚O)£physicsPolykarp Kusch ‚N5£peaceNo Prize was Awardedn‚M'/£medicineHugo Theorellfor his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymeso‚L!-'£literatureHalldór Laxnessfor his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland o;¯D+ o‚K3y£chemistryVincent du Vigneaudfor his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone‚J'¢physicsWalther Bothe‚I¢physicsMax BornH‚H¢peaceOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ‚G-a¢medicineThomas H. Wellerfor their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue‚F5a¢medicineFrederick C. Robbinsfor their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue‚E)a¢medicineJohn F. Endersfor their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissueA‚D!-‚K¢literatureErnest Hemingwayfor his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style ÐhbF'uÐ!‚C'‚¢chemistryLinus Paulingfor his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances ‚B'o¡physicsFrits Zernikefor his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope‚A1¡peaceGeorge C. Marshall‚@'¡medicineFritz Lipmann‚?!¡medicineHans Krebs ‚>!/‚¡literatureWinston Churchillfor his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values_‚=1¡chemistryHermann Staudingerfor his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry‚<'} physicsE. M. Purcellfor their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith QäZÌx$çQ‚;#} physicsFelix Blochfor their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith‚:/ peaceAlbert Schweitzerw‚9/9 medicineSelman A. Waksmanfor his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis‚8!/‚ literatureFrançois Mauriacfor the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human lifeQ‚71k chemistryRichard L.M. Syngefor their invention of partition chromatographyQ‚61k chemistryArcher J.P. Martinfor their invention of partition chromatography ‚51_ŸphysicsErnest T.S. Waltonfor their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles‚4)_ŸphysicsJohn Cockcroftfor their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles‚3'ŸpeaceLéon Jouhaux 2oÞ28Ði«M‚-%žpeaceRalph Bunche[‚2# ŸmedicineMax Theilerfor his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it:‚1!+‚?ŸliteraturePär Lagerkvistfor the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankindd‚0-ŸchemistryGlenn T. Seaborgfor their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elementse‚//ŸchemistryEdwin M. McMillanfor their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"‚.%‚žphysicsCecil Powellfor his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method ‚,/ežmedicineTadeus Reichsteinfor their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects ‚+/ežmedicineEdward C. Kendallfor their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects #IÒµ™#ÂjÎ?‚%'peaceLord Boyd Orr ‚*+ežmedicinePhilip S. Henchfor their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects‚)!-yžliteratureBertrand Russellin recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thoughtU‚(!žchemistryOtto Dielsfor their discovery and development of the diene synthesisU‚'!žchemistryKurt Alderfor their discovery and development of the diene synthesis|‚&'MphysicsHideki Yukawafor his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces‚$!medicineEgas Moniz‚##medicineWalter Hesst‚"!-1literatureWilliam Faulknerfor his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel3‚!1‚-chemistryWilliam F. Giauquefor his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures ¨Ú© Yû~[¨/‚ 7‚#œphysicsPatrick M.S. Blackettfor his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation ‚5œpeaceNo Prize was Awardedz‚%IœmedicinePaul Müllerfor his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods[‚!! œliteratureT.S. Eliotfor his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry-‚'‚+œchemistryArne Tiseliusfor his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins‚1‚›physicsEdward V. Appletonfor his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer.‚Q›peaceAmerican Friends Service Committee#‚;›peaceFriends Service Council 2JØ·œâ`‹pT2‚-›medicineBernardo Houssay‚!›medicineGerty Cori‚›medicineCarl CoriQ‚!#‚u›literatureAndré Gidefor his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight‚3C›chemistrySir Robert Robinsonfor his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids6‚/‚9šphysicsPercy W. Bridgmanfor the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics‚%špeaceJohn R. Mott‚1špeaceEmily Greene Balcho‚/)šmedicineHermann J. Mullerfor the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation2‚!'‚3šliteratureHermann Hessefor his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style He©2´:²jH‚+šchemistryJames B. Sumner"‚ 1šchemistryWendell M. Stanley ‚ -šchemistryJohn H. Northropj‚ )'™physicsWolfgang Paulifor the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle‚ %™peaceCordell Hullw‚ /9™medicineSir Howard Floreyfor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases{‚79™medicineSir Alexander Flemingfor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseasest‚)9™medicineErnst B. Chainfor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases8‚!-‚9™literatureGabriela Mistralfor her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world‚-y™chemistryArtturi Virtanenfor his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method ŒÝFú3µ5þŒo‚/+˜physicsIsidor Isaac Rabifor his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei4‚]˜peaceInternational Committee of the Red Cross}‚/E˜medicineHerbert S. Gasserfor their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres{‚+E˜medicineJoseph Erlangerfor their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibresC‚!1‚K˜literatureJohannes V. Jensenfor the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative styleIm˜chemistryOtto Hahnfor his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei~!‚—physicsOtto Sternfor his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton }5—peaceNo Prize was Awarded ?P)Û¸“lDûÖ¯‡a>¤|`?|+—medicineEdward A. Doisy{!—medicineHenrik Dam%z!5—literatureNo Prize was Awardedry-/—chemistryGeorge de Hevesyfor his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"x5–physicsNo Prize was Awarded w5–peaceNo Prize was Awarded#v5–medicineNo Prize was Awarded%u!5–literatureNo Prize was Awarded$t5–chemistryNo Prize was Awarded"s5•physicsNo Prize was Awarded r5•peaceNo Prize was Awarded#q5•medicineNo Prize was Awarded%p!5•literatureNo Prize was Awarded$o5•chemistryNo Prize was Awarded"n5”physicsNo Prize was Awarded m5”peaceNo Prize was Awarded#l5”medicineNo Prize was Awarded%k!5”literatureNo Prize was Awarded$j5”chemistryNo Prize was Awarded,i+‚)“physicsErnest Lawrencefor the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements Tyìµà¾œÓwT h5“peaceNo Prize was AwardedYg)“medicineGerhard Domagkfor the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosilEf!;‚E“literatureFrans Eemil Sillanpääfor his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Naturee+“chemistryLeopold Ruzickad+“chemistryAdolf ButenandtQc%‚y’physicsEnrico Fermifor his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons4b]’peaceNansen International Office for Refugees a/]’medicineCorneille Heymansfor the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration`!![’literaturePearl Buckfor her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces .švU6÷*p.I\%‘peaceRobert CecilD_%]’chemistryRichard Kuhnfor his work on carotenoids and vitaminso^5%‘physicsGeorge Paget Thomsonfor their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystalsk]-%‘physicsClinton Davissonfor their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals6[7‚/‘medicineAlbert Szent-Györgyifor his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acidIZ!5‚S‘literatureRoger Martin du Gardfor the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les ThibaultY#‘chemistryPaul KarrerX)‘chemistryNorman HaworthW)physicsVictor F. HessV-physicsCarl D. Anderson!U7peaceCarlos Saavedra LamascT!medicineOtto Loewifor their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses lÛyíŒk,jÖlgS)medicineSir Henry Dalefor their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulsesR!)mliteratureEugene O'Neillfor the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy>Q#‚QchemistryPeter Debyefor his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases5chemistryNo Prize was Awarded)=/‚ŒphysicsWerner Heisenbergfor the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen <5ŒpeaceNo Prize was Awarded^;;}ŒmedicineSir Charles Sherringtonfor their discoveries regarding the functions of neuronsS:%}ŒmedicineEdgar Adrianfor their discoveries regarding the functions of neuronsx9!+;ŒliteratureJohn Galsworthyfor his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga[8+ŒchemistryIrving Langmuirfor his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"75‹physicsNo Prize was Awarded"69‹peaceNicholas Murray Butler5#‹peaceJane Addamsh4%%‹medicineOtto Warburgfor his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzymeE3!3O‹literatureErik Axel KarlfeldtThe poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt #ܵ–D¶Ò#XÊC//ŠpeaceNathan Söderblom2!]‹chemistryCarl Boschin recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods 1/]‹chemistryFriedrich Bergiusin recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methodsw0'CŠphysicsVenkata Ramanfor his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after himF.-[ŠmedicineKarl Landsteinerfor his discovery of human blood groups-!){ŠliteratureSinclair Lewisfor his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters ,%gŠchemistryHans Fischerfor his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haeminO+-o‰physicsLouis de Brogliefor his discovery of the wave nature of electrons*-‰peaceFrank B. Kellogg$)7‰medicineSir Frederick Hopkins!(1‰medicineChristiaan Eijkman -ÞÀ$°y-ê{P #5ˆpeaceNo Prize was Awarded/'!#‚1‰literatureThomas Mannprincipally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literatureu&9)‰chemistryHans von Euler-Chelpinfor their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymesl%')‰chemistryArthur Hardenfor their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes $;WˆphysicsOwen Willans Richardsonfor his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him4"+9ˆmedicineCharles Nicollefor his work on typhusq!!'1ˆliteratureSigrid Undsetprincipially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages '‚ˆchemistryAdolf Windausfor the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins'‡physicsC.T.R. Wilson/‡physicsArthur H. Compton 93äƦ ”u9Y/‡peaceFerdinand Buisson'‡peaceLudwig Quidde7_‡medicineJulius Wagner-Jaureggfor his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica !'a‡literatureHenri Bergsonin recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presentedt-3‡chemistryHeinrich Wielandfor his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances5u†physicsJean Baptiste Perrinfor his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium/†peaceGustav Stresemann+†peaceAristide BriandL-g†medicineJohannes Fibigerfor his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinomaI!)‚_†literatureGrazia Deleddafor her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general £Õ(ݾPâ£<%M†chemistryThe Svedbergfor his work on disperse systemsk%-…physicsGustav Hertzfor their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atomk%-…physicsJames Franckfor their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom-…peaceCharles G. Dawes"9…peaceSir Austen Chamberlain#5…medicineNo Prize was Awarded) !3‚…literatureGeorge Bernard Shawfor his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beautyD /‚Q…chemistryRichard Zsigmondyfor his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry` )„physicsManne Siegbahnfor his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy 3âÅ@Ú@þÄ¡)´V3 5„peaceNo Prize was Awarded[ -„medicineWillem Einthovenfor his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogramK!/_„literatureWladyslaw Reymontfor his great national epic, The Peasants$5„chemistryNo Prize was Awardedu15ƒphysicsRobert A. Millikanfor his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect 5ƒpeaceNo Prize was Awarded7%EƒmedicineJohn Macleodfor the discovery of insulin?5EƒmedicineFrederick G. Bantingfor the discovery of insulin!5mƒliteratureWilliam Butler Yeatsfor his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nationc#ƒchemistryFritz Preglfor his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances!]‚physicsNiels Bohrfor his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them+‚peaceFridtjof Nansen~'‚medicineOtto Meyerhof %M‚]?"‘ËG% }/‚medicineArchibald V. Hill|!/I‚literatureJacinto Benaventefor the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish dramaC{-‚Q‚chemistryFrancis W. Astonfor his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rulez+mphysicsAlbert Einsteinfor his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effecty+peaceChristian Langex-peaceHjalmar Branting#w5medicineNo Prize was AwardedHv!)‚]literatureAnatole Francein recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament0u+‚-chemistryFrederick Soddyfor his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes 0ÞX2ݘ|ð£Zÿ0Ms+€peaceLéon Bourgeois/t?‚€physicsCharles Edouard Guillaumein recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloysYr%€medicineAugust Kroghfor his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanismGq!#c€literatureKnut Hamsunfor his monumental work, Growth of the SoilKp)g€chemistryWalther Nernstin recognition of his work in thermochemistry o)ephysicsJohannes Starkfor his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fieldsn)peaceWoodrow WilsonCm%]medicineJules Bordetfor his discoveries relating to immunitySl!)uliteratureCarl Spittelerin special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring$k5chemistryNo Prize was Awardedj!a~physicsMax Planckin recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta i5~peaceNo Prize was Awarded G˜/ €[9ïΩ„NÞ“lG#h5~medicineNo Prize was Awarded%g!5~literatureNo Prize was AwardedIf#i~chemistryFritz Haberfor the synthesis of ammonia from its elementsne7!}physicsCharles Glover Barklafor his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements4d]}peaceInternational Committee of the Red Cross#c5}medicineNo Prize was Awarded#b!1}literatureHenrik Pontoppidana!)}literatureKarl Gjellerup$`5}chemistryNo Prize was Awarded"_5|physicsNo Prize was Awarded ^5|peaceNo Prize was Awarded#]5|medicineNo Prize was Awarded\!7K|literatureVerner von Heidenstamin recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature$[5|chemistryNo Prize was AwardedgZ)!{physicsLawrence Braggfor their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-raysfY'!{physicsWilliam Braggfor their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 3á9¨öŸ<zU3 X5{peaceNo Prize was Awarded#W5{medicineNo Prize was Awarded?V!)‚K{literatureRomain Rollandas a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beingsaU5{chemistryRichard Willstätterfor his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyllUT%zphysicsMax von Lauefor his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals S5zpeaceNo Prize was AwardedgR+zmedicineRobert Bárányfor his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus%Q!5zliteratureNo Prize was AwardedP5_zchemistryTheodore W. Richardsin recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements%O9‚ yphysicsHeike Kamerlingh Onnesfor his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid heliumN/ypeaceHenri La Fontaine #rò#Vtƒ;I!xpeaceElihu RootFM)_ymedicineCharles Richetin recognition of his work on anaphylaxisnL!3ƒyliteratureRabindranath Tagorebecause of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West_K'ƒychemistryAlfred Wernerin recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistryJ'‚xphysicsGustaf Dalénfor his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys~H'OxmedicineAlexis Carrelin recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs G!/]xliteratureGerhart Hauptmannprimarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art o F,¯ŽoF'xchemistryPaul SabatierE+xchemistryVictor GrignardaD%wphysicsWilhelm Wienfor his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heatC%wpeaceAlfred FriedB%wpeaceTobias AsserHA/]wmedicineAllvar Gullstrandfor his work on the dioptrics of the eye‚z@!3…7wliteratureMaurice Maeterlinckin appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginationsp?#ƒ5wchemistryMarie Curiein recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element ¶êþR ¶h>IvphysicsJohannes Diderik van der Waalsfor his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids0=UvpeacePermanent International Peace Bureau)<+‚!vmedicineAlbrecht Kosselin recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substancesi;!!ƒ'vliteraturePaul Heyseas a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories":%‚vchemistryOtto Wallachin recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compoundso9/+uphysicsGuglielmo Marconiin recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy ?»tQ6·þjá?r17WupeacePaul Henri d'Estournelles de Constantm8++uphysicsFerdinand Braunin recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy6/upeaceAuguste Beernaerth5)!umedicineTheodor Kocherfor his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland4!+muliteratureSelma Lagerlöfin appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings63+‚9uchemistryWilhelm Ostwaldin recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction}2-ItphysicsGabriel Lippmannfor his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference1'tpeaceFredrik Bajer!07tpeaceKlas Pontus ArnoldsonE/)]tmedicineIlya Mechnikovin recognition of their work on immunityC.%]tmedicinePaul Ehrlichin recognition of their work on immunity , ±,òbG*'speaceLouis Renault‚-!'ƒtliteratureRudolf Euckenin recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life ,/ctchemistryErnest Rutherfordfor his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances+3ysphysicsAlbert A. Michelsonfor his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid")9speaceErnesto Teodoro Monetam(-'smedicineAlphonse Laveranin recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases]'!+ƒsliteratureRudyard Kiplingin consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author 3)Ç[3¾S$1rpeaceTheodore Roosevelti&)!schemistryEduard Buchnerfor his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation%%‚ rphysicsJ.J. Thomsonin recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gasesj#;rmedicineSantiago Ramón y Cajalin recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system`"'rmedicineCamillo Golgiin recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous systemk!!-ƒrliteratureGiosuè Carduccinot only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpiecesf 'ƒrchemistryHenri Moissanin recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him ­N"€¾fç­8)EqphysicsPhilipp Lenardfor his work on cathode rays1qpeaceBertha von Suttner]#qmedicineRobert Kochfor his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosisV!1sqliteratureHenryk Sienkiewiczbecause of his outstanding merits as an epic writer?-‚IqchemistryAdolf von Baeyerin recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds'‚pphysicsLord Rayleighfor his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies*IppeaceInstitute of International Law/#‚5pmedicineIvan Pavlovin recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged 4U~£ˆiM2{Y4#!1pliteratureFrédéric Mistral !+pliteratureJosé Echegaray41‚/pchemistrySir William Ramsayin recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system#ophysicsMarie Curie%ophysicsPierre Curie+ophysicsHenri Becquerel'opeaceRandal CremerX3‚womedicineNiels Ryberg Finsenin recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical scienceT!;‚coliteratureBjørnstjerne Bjørnsonas a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit(-‚ochemistrySvante Arrheniusin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation …zÙ îÔ*…" '‚nphysicsPieter Zeemanin recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena' 1‚nphysicsHendrik A. Lorentzin recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena %npeaceAlbert Gobat )npeaceÉlie DucommunL #‚onmedicineRonald Rossfor his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it!+‚nliteratureTheodor Mommsenthe greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome%YnchemistryEmil Fischerin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses